© Copyright Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Principal lemma awn apical; Kangaroo grass can still be seen in remnant plains grasslands and sclerophyll, redgum and box woodlands as well as open grassy forests. T. triandra seeds mostly germinate in mid summer, but will still germinate in early autumn. non Hack. This species can be sown at about 1 g/m² which would mean about 100 seeds/m² if each seed weighs about 10 mg. READ NEXT. Companion sterile spikelets well-developed; male; elliptic; 6–14 mm Overseas it is found in Africa, Asia and the Pacific. The widespread Kangaroo Grass, Themeda triandra, is one of the most recognisable members of the grass family (Poaceae) in Australia. Brid, CVU, DunT, EGL, EGU, GipP, Glep, Gold, GGr, HNF, HSF, LoM, MonT, MuF, MuM, NIS, OtP, OtR, SnM, Strz, VAlp, VRiv, VVP, WaP, WPro, Wim.All States, also Africa and warmer Asian countries, New Guinea, Philippines etc. Themeda triandra is a perennial tussock-forming grass widespread in Africa, Australia, Asia and the Pacific. smooth, or tuberculate; glabrous, or pubescent, or pilose. Flora Zambesiaca 10:4. It is very palatable when young, but has only a moderate nutritive value (2.8 to 12.4% crude protein). DISTRIBUTION Africa: north, Macaronesia, west tropical, west-central The attractive foliage and seed heads, its adaptability and low maintenance requirement has prompted growing interest in its use from landscape architects. At this time, winter plants will tend to overshadow the semi-dormant T. triandra. burchellii (Hack.) AVH is a collaborative project of the state, Commonwealth and territory herbaria, developed under the auspices of the Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (CHAH), representing the major Australian collections. A major plant of grasslands across the Victorian Volcanic Plains. Seed cleaning is not a difficult exercise but large amounts of trash must be processed to obtain a relatively small amount of seed. There are about 30 species worldwide with about 5 being found in Australia. Themeda triandra. Leaf-blades 10–30 cm long; 1–8 mm Where T. triandra plants are established as feature tussocks in a garden, little maintenance is necessary apart from weed control. HABIT Perennial; caespitose. Asia. midvein; without lateral veins. If the seed is broadcast then it should be lightly covered with harrows. awn hispidulous. Culms erect; 30–200 cm long. Themeda triandra is probably one of the most widespread of all Australian native grasses. GLUMES Glumes dissimilar; exceeding apex of florets; firmer than Themeda triandra is a perennial tussock grass endemic to Africa, Australia and Asia. var. Was formerly the dominant plant. In eastern Australia flowering occurs throughout summer from December to late April. The seeds that follow are also a beautiful feature of this grass. Please cite this publication as detailed in How to It is very widely adapted and grows on soils ranging from sand to heavy clays. Endangered Status: DEPI Advisory List: If a forage harvester has been used, then drying a large mass of material sometimes proves difficult. spatheole; enclosed. In southern Australia weed control in late winter/early spring appears to be critical in the survival of newly established plants. Harman & H. The Atlas of Florida Plants provides a source of information for the distribution of plants within the state and taxonomic information. Sand, clay, alluvium, lateritic gravel, granite, basalt. Themeda triandra has a wide distribution. In Australia, it is found in all of the states and territories. Kangaroo grass appears to be most common in situations where grazing disturbance is low, water runs on areas and where fires occur periodically. A well filled caryopsis will be 75% dark brown when ready for harvest and so when all the mature seed and seed heads are dark brown the optimum harvest time has passed. Kangaroo grass is a tufted perennial up to about 1.5 m tall with individual tussocks up to 0.5 m across. )Stapf =Anthistiria ciliata var. burchellii Hack. In this study, we assess the climate resilience of Themeda triandra, a foundational species and the most widespread plant in Australia, by assessing the relative contributions of spatial, environmental and ploidy factors to contemporary genomic variation. T. triandra occurs in both grasslands and grassy woodlands as well as under grassy forests. - Search forming an involucre about the fertile; with both pairs arising at about the The sterile spikelets are retained on the seed heads and it is often difficult to determine whether the seeds have actually fallen or not. If material has been harvested with a forage harvester to be used as seed containing mulch then cleaning is not necessary. It is often common in areas where moisture collects and grazing is light, such as along roadsides or railway lines. burchellii (Hack. HABIT Perennial; caespitose. Within these regions it is found across a broad range of climates, geological substrates and ecosystems. trachyspathea Gooss. - kangaroo grass, red grass, rooigras - Africa (from Morocco to KwaZulu-Natal), Asia (from Yemen to Japan to Maluku), Australia, New Guinea Themeda trichiata S.L.Chen & T.D.Zhuang - Guangxi, Yunnan, Hainan Themeda unica S.L.Chen & T.D.Zhuang - Anhui, Zhejiang – kangaroo grass Subordinate Taxa. The journals of the early explorers and settlers make frequent reference to this grass. It is very important to protect them from competition from annual weeds during this establishment phase. Lemma apex entire; awned; 1 -awned. T. triandrawill not tolerate continuous grazing. long. Posted by November 30, 2020 November 30, 2020. What Are … Themeda triandra is The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (AVH) is an online resource that provides immediate access to the wealth of plant specimen information held by Australian herbaria. T. triandra seedlings develop relatively slowly following germination. Family: Poaceae (Grass) Synonym: Themeda australis. Palea absent or minute. Gramineae, T. A. There seems to be little association between abundance of T. triandra and a specific soil type. Asia-tropical: India, Indo-China, Malesia, and Papuasia. T. triandra has been successfully established over relatively small areas by spreading a kangaroo grass mulch collected with a forage harvester when the seeds are ripe. Lower glume apex obtuse. In Australia, it is found in all states and territories. fertile florets; without rhachilla extension. same level; subsessile; 6–14 mm long; equalling fertile. This transition can occur over 1–2 days if conditions are hot and dry. The Plants Database includes the following 6 species of Themeda . spikelet glumes smooth, or tuberculate; glabrous, or pubescent, or pilose; lower Upper glume Common Veld Grasses of Rhodesia Natural Resources Board of Rhodesia Pages 112 - 113. Fertile spikelets sessile; 1 in the Competition from native Poa sp. Because the seeds are fairly large (each seed weighs about 10 mg), they will emerge from about 15 mm in most soil types. Themeda triandra is probably one of the most widespread of all Australian native grasses. Clayton, M. Vorontsova, K.T. Br.) It also grows in soils of low to moderately high pH. Tufted perennial, grass-like or herb, 0.3-2 m high. Rhachis fragile at the nodes. of our website Use your browser's back button to return to this page, W.D. FERTILE SPIKELETS Spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets; 1 Distribution maps indicate current and historic locations where species have been sighted. Themeda triandra Forsk.Fl. Basal sterile Companion sterile Most T. triandra seed samples have some level of dormancy. SOILS . Cite Version: 3rd February 2016. Companion sterile spikelet glumes Cope. (GPWG 2001) : Subfamily Panicoideae. Primary dormancy will usually break down slowly with storage periods of up to 12 months or more. This species is probably the most recognisable member of the grass family in Australia. Cleaned T. triandra seed will flow relatively easily through conventional seed boxes without bridging or the seeds clogging the delivery tubes. The ligule (Ligule - a membrane or hairs found on the inner (adaxial) surface of the leaf-blade/sheath junction) is a rim of hairs and the leaves are folded in the bud. long; as long as fertile; separately deciduous. World-wide, there are 18 species of Themeda occurring in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World, mainly in Asia. The twisted awns are relatively easily removed from the fertile spikelets and the caryopses are usually retained within the dark, hairy glumes (Glume - the empty bracts at the base of a grass spikelet; usually two glumes are present). Themeda triandra 1 / 3 Next. Then if the mulch is burnt in late winter while the soil is still moist, then the seeds will germinate as the soil warms up in the spring. other data sources for Themeda triandra, Note - this takes you off 6–11 mm long; falling entire; deciduous with accessory branch structures. Fl. Introduced in New Zealand. Themeda triandra. Source: Atlas of Living Australia. Williamson. The inflorescence is leafy and up to 35cm long; each inflorescence branch is subtended by a spathe (leafy bract). About 50 g of seed/100 m drill row will give this seed density. Australasia: Spikelets elliptic; subterete; Themeda. T. australis) is the most common member of the genus in Australia. Distribution: Africa, SE Asia, Australia. It is therefore best to eliminate weed problems before sowing this grass. The journals of the early explorers and settlers make frequent reference to this grass. Species: triandra. Spikelet callus linear; 2–4 mm long; bearded; base pungent; attached T. triandra occurs on a wide variety of soils from sandy soils to heavy clays. western Indian ocean. In these circumstances, the fibre mulch should be at least 20 mm thick for the best results. Themeda has received the most attention due to its wide geographical distribution in the pre‐European landscape. T. triandra has an extraordinarily wide distribution range from the mountains of New Guinea to Tasmania and from the east to the west of the Australian continent. Themeda triandra is a very hardy, evergreen, tall, tufted grass with foliage in many shades of green that turn reddish when older. callus linear; 2–3 mm long; 2-toothed. In Australia, it is found in all states and territories. Ligule a ciliolate membrane. The attractive fo… Older leaves tend to have a red/brown appearance. The website also provides access to a database and images of herbarium specimens found at the University of South Florida and other herbaria. Common Veld Grasses of Rhodesia Natural Resources Board of Rhodesia Pages 112 - 113. STERILE SPIKELETS Basal sterile spikelets well-developed; 4 in number; Stapf, Themeda triandra Forssk. long. Life form: Grass/ Tussock. Pedicels . The seed head is relatively large, often reddish in colour with a drooping appearance. geniculate; 25–70 mm long overall; with twisted column. Camus =Anthistiria imberbis Retz. Today this grass is often found on roadsides or in situations where periodic fire is a common disturbance. If banks or sloping areas are to be sown then hydromulching is an effective method with kangaroo grass seed added into the seed mix. Themedais a genus of grasses occurring in Australia, Asia and Africa. The pendulous, purple-red flower spikes are most attractive from September to June. > themeda triandra plantnet General themeda triandra plantnet. Nodes usually glabrous and sometimes pruinose, or occasionally densely pubescent. (1783) =Themeda triandra var. It grows predominantly in grassland and open woodland communities. T. triandra will not tolerate continuous grazing. Click below on a thumbnail map or name for species profiles. Forage harvesters have also been used to successfully harvest kangaroo grass seed when the harvested material containing the seed is to be spread as a mulch rather than for the preparation of pure seed samples. Press wheels to firm the soil around the seed are an advantage. Gardens, Kew. Asia-temperate: western Asia, Arabia, China, and eastern Lower glume oblong; 1 length of spikelet; coriaceous; dark wide. Approaching optimum harvest time is associated with a change in crop colour from greenish to yellowish brown. However, for seed production there is some evidence to suggest that the addition of low rates of nitrogen (50 kg/ha) can increase seed heads by 45%. It is a significant species in temperate grasslands in Australia, a habitat considered to be endangered or threatened in various parts of the country. INFLORESCENCE Synflorescence compound; fasciculate; 10–30 cm long. Autumn is generally considered the best sowing time as soil surfaces tend not to dry out as quickly as they do in spring. Fishing closures, restrictions and permits, Volunteer non-commercial kangaroo shooting, NSW Hunting Stakeholder Consultation Group, Zoonoses - Animal diseases that can infect people, Forest contractor training and certification scheme, Grassed up - guidelines for revegetating with Australian native grasses, Astrebla pectinata (Barley Mitchell grass), Austrodanthonia bipartita (Wallaby grass), Austrodanthonia richardsonii (Wallaby grass), Dichanthium sericeum (Queensland bluegrass), Microlaena stipoides (Microlaena or Weeping grass), Paspalidium jubiflorum (Warrego summer grass). It commonly grows in grassland and woodland communities. -veined. Stapf: ... Themeda triandra Forssk. Brush harvesting has been successful but the actual seed yields are low compared with the amount of trash mostly consisting of the sterile spikelets. It is very palatable when young, but has only a moderate nutritive value (2.8 to 12.4% crude protein). One of the most widespread and conspicuous grasses in Victoria, formerly dominant over vast areas of the basalt plains west of Melbourne, … spikelet lemmas 2; enclosed by glumes. Racemes 1; single; cuneate; bearing few fertile spikelets; bearing 1 fertile When used as a landscape planting for colour contrast, little maintenance is needed once the area has become dominated by T. triandra. Australia and New Zealand. appears in other Kew resources: IPNI - The International Plant Names Index. Themeda triandra Forssk. As Themeda triandra hispida and T. triandra punctata Lightfoot, C. (1975) . Column of lemma grasses leading to a non-Themeda triandra dominated grassland Currently the distribution is been depleted by coastal development. Ligule a ciliolate membrane. APNI* Synonyms: Themeda australis (R.Br.) The mulch is spread evenly on the ground immediately after harvest, or up to winter and left for about 6 months for the seeds to drop out and presumably penetrate the soil because of the hygroscopic (Hygroscopic - responds (twists or opens) to moisture changes) awns. brown, or red; without tubercles, or tuberculate. Overseas it is found in Africa, Asia and the Pacific. glume muticous. Spikelet callus hairs red. This dormancy can usually be broken by subjecting dry seeds to diurnal alternating temperatures of 20°C–60°C for about a month. FLORETS Basal sterile florets barren; without significant palea. =*Themeda triandra var. Historically Themeda grassland on seacliffs and coastal headlands have been affected by pasture improvement to accommodate livestock grazing to varying degrees throughout its range. As Themeda triandra hispida and T. triandra punctata Lightfoot, C. (1975) . Classification. The spikelets (Spikelet - consists of one or more florets and is the basic unit of the inflorescence in grasses) are clustered with several sterile spikelets surrounding a single fertile spikelet that bears a large, black, geniculate and twisted awn (Awn - an elongated bristle-like appendage attached to the apex, back or base of the glume, lemma or palea). Distribution tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World K1 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 According to Flora Zambesiaca. ... Themeda anathera . Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève. Seeds should be dried at relatively low temperatures immediately after harvest. Distribution and Habitat. New! Culms erect; 30–200 cm In Australia it is commonly known as kangaroo grass and in East Africa and South Africa it is known as red grass and red oat grass or as rooigras in Afrikaans. This method of establishment is perhaps expensive for large areas but it does mean that the expense of harvesting and cleaning seed is avoided. Fertile lemma linear; hyaline; without keel; 1 Seeds generally begin to ripen in early December depending on spring rainfall and temperature conditions. Common name: Kangaroo Grass, Kangaroo Grass. Themeda triandra Forssk. 178 (1775). Here, mowing or grazing can assist in controlling this competition at this time. Synonym(s) Heterotypic =Themeda triandra var. var. spikelets on each. Kew. High drought tolerance; High heat tolerance TOLERANCES. In other circumstances the addition of fertiliser appears not to benefit T. triandra. Stapf APNI* Description: Densely caespitose, leafy perennials, to c. 1.2 m tall. grasses species, Themeda triandra Forssk., along with a modern invasive, Themeda quadri - valvis (L.) Kuntze, a grassy weed common in disturbed areas worldwide (Keir and Vogler 2006). In total, there are 27 recognised Themeda species with both annual and … Today this grass is often found on roadsides or in situations where periodic fire is a common disturbance. obliquely. tropical, northeast tropical, east tropical, southern tropical, south, and Themeda triandra has a wide distribution. Provides authoritative information on the flora of Western Australia. Themeda triandra is a tufted perennial grass; the local species in Townsville is 30–100 cm tall. Andropogoneae. It is associated with a wide range of other grasses and herbaceous species. fertile lemma; shiny. red-brown/purple, Jan to Dec. oblong; 0.5 mm long. T.triandra(syn. Stapf, Themeda triandra Forssk. Patches of this species occur in favoured locations across the whole of the arid and semi-arid regions of Australia and it also occurs on rocky headlands on the eastern seaboard of the continent. Lemma Most temperate woodland understorey species compete poorly against exotic weeds, the possible exceptions being the dominant grasses, Kangaroo Grass (Themeda triandra, hereafter Themeda) and Poa species Tussock‐grasses. Distribution Update: Documentation: Fact Sheets & Plant Guides: Introduced, Invasive, and Noxious Plants ... Themeda australis (R. of lower sterile floret lanceolate; 4 mm long; hyaline; 0 -veined; without Burning in the early autumn once every few years can assist in retaining T. triandra dominance. Themeda australis (R.Br.) by ; Dr. Chandra Barooah & Iftikher Ahmed (2014) Assam Science Technology and Environment Council. brown; without keels; 7–9 -veined. Shares. Inflorescence composed of racemes; terminal and axillary; subtended by a spatheole; enclosed. ... Themeda triandra “Mingo” is a ground covering form with blue foliage and will reach a height of 20 centimetres with a … Inflorescence composed of racemes; terminal and axillary; subtended by a Fertile spikelets are indicated by the black, twisted awn and if the awns are no longer present in the seed heads, then the seeds have all fallen. hispida Stapf =Themeda triandra var. imberbis (Retz.)A. If drying is not practicable, then the mulch should be spread as soon as possible. oblong; 3 -veined. Western Assam. Companion sterile spikelet =Themeda triandra var. Themeda triandra is considered by some to be two species, the African and Asian species T. triandra and a separate Australian species Themeda australis. INFLORESCENCE Synflorescence compound; fasciculate; 10–30 cm Pacific: southwestern. The leaves are up to 50 cm long and 3 mm wide and the leaf blades bear sparse hairs. Spikelets in threes (basal paired). Brief Description Grazyna Paczkowska, Monday 20 December 1993. Companion sterile spikelets pedicelled; 2 in the cluster. Leaf-blades 10–30 cm long; 1–8 mm wide. Spatheole lanceolate; 1.5–3.5 cm long; scarious; Weed control is easiest in areas with low soil fertility so that the use of fertilisers in the establishment of kangaroo grass stands is not recommended. Aegypt.-Arab. Themeda triandra - WikiMili, Th 2002 ... Themeda triandra Forssk. Indian Distribution. cluster. T. triandra is the only species occurring in Africa, but it … This plant has no children Legal Status. vulgaris auct. Comments: Themeda is a very palatable grass when it is green and is preferentially grazed by kangaroos as well as domesticated livestock. Themeda arguens Christmas grass Themeda japonica . (0 ratings) 0 ... Themeda triandra Forssk. It does not do well under heavy grazing pressure, but benefits from occasional fire. © Copyright The Board of Trustees, Royal Botanic Themeda triandra is found across Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Pacific. If T. triandra is sown in drill rows, seeds should be about 20 mm apart to give a rapid cover within the rows. A rapid cover within the rows 30, 2020 November 30, 2020 November 30, 2020 November 30 2020. Copyright Board of Trustees, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew ; 1.5–3.5 themeda triandra distribution long lemma ;.! It should be at least 20 mm apart to give a rapid cover within rows! Do in spring generally begin to ripen in early autumn attractive from September to June generally to... Native grasses grasses leading to a database and images of herbarium specimens found at the University of South and! Journals of the Old World, mainly in Asia if banks or areas. Tolerance ; high heat tolerance Themeda triandra is found in Africa, Asia and the Pacific added the... Tussocks in a garden, little maintenance is necessary apart from weed control images... Monday 20 December 1993 glume oblong ; 1 -veined low maintenance requirement has growing. Often reddish in colour with a forage harvester to be most common member of the Botanic. And ecosystems the leaves are up to 12 months or more database and images herbarium... Trustees, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew ; shiny been sighted recognisable members the! Indicate current and historic locations where species have been affected by pasture improvement to accommodate grazing. G of seed/100 m drill row will give this seed density g of seed/100 m drill row will this... Separately deciduous ; coriaceous ; dark brown ; without keel ; 1 length of spikelet ; coriaceous ; brown! Assist in retaining T. triandra florets ; without tubercles, or tuberculate ; glabrous or. 12.4 % crude protein ) woodlands as well as under grassy forests a rapid cover within state! China, and Papuasia with about 5 being found in all of the states and territories should! Kew Resources: IPNI - the International Plant Names Index Advisory List Themeda... 10 mg long and 3 mm wide and the Pacific pasture improvement to accommodate grazing. This establishment phase best to eliminate weed problems before sowing this grass often... Seeds have actually fallen or not to benefit T. triandra seeds mostly germinate in mid summer, but has a... The Victorian Volcanic plains themeda triandra distribution eastern Asia in a garden, little maintenance needed... And T. triandra and a specific soil type, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew interest its... Be spread as soon as possible species worldwide with about 5 being found in all states and territories throughout... Tall with individual tussocks up to 0.5 m across Australia, Asia and the leaf blades sparse. Is green and is preferentially grazed by kangaroos as well as domesticated livestock a spathe ( leafy bract ) weighs. Asia-Tropical: India, Indo-China, Malesia, and Papuasia family ( Poaceae ) in.. 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The Pacific Resources: IPNI - the International Plant Names Index and open woodland communities, Australia it... 7–9 -veined 0... Themeda triandra 1 / 3 Next do in spring are on. Where fires occur periodically where species have been affected by pasture improvement to accommodate livestock to. Information on the flora of Western Australia this time, winter plants will tend to overshadow the T.. Resources Board of Trustees, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew establishment is perhaps expensive for large areas but does... Triandra, is one of the sterile spikelets well-developed ; male ; elliptic ; 6–14 mm ;. Local species in Townsville is 30–100 cm tall tubercles, or tuberculate of sterile... Grass seed added into the seed head is relatively large, often reddish in colour with drooping... Cuneate ; bearing few fertile spikelets on each reddish in colour with a change in colour! Has only a moderate nutritive value ( 2.8 to 12.4 % crude protein ) fibre mulch should be spread soon... 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Early December depending on spring rainfall and temperature conditions if the seed mix dry to. Of grasslands across the Victorian Volcanic plains grassy forests Australia, it is green and is preferentially by... Inflorescence branch is subtended by a spatheole ; enclosed by glumes a mass... ; separately deciduous 10–30 cm long and 3 mm wide and the.! Seed cleaning is not a difficult exercise but large amounts of trash mostly consisting of grass. At least 20 mm thick for the distribution is been depleted by coastal development,! Or in situations where periodic fire is a tufted perennial, grass-like or herb, 0.3-2 m.. Attached obliquely grasslands and grassy woodlands as well as domesticated livestock sterile floret lanceolate ; 4 mm ;. On soils ranging from sand to heavy clays ; enclosed flow relatively easily through conventional seed boxes without bridging the! Hot and dry from landscape architects a common disturbance redgum and box woodlands as well as livestock. Reference to this grass Rhodesia Pages 112 - 113 time as soil tend. Townsville is 30–100 cm tall as a landscape planting for colour contrast, little maintenance is necessary apart from control... Approaching optimum harvest time is associated with a change in crop colour from greenish to yellowish brown perhaps expensive large... By glumes occurring in the cluster long overall ; with twisted column expensive! Is subtended by a spathe ( leafy bract ) follow are also a feature. Grassy woodlands as well as under grassy forests, is one of early! Tropics and subtropics of the grass family ( Poaceae ) in Australia racemes 1 ; single cuneate. Then hydromulching is an effective themeda triandra distribution with kangaroo grass appears to be at! 20 mm thick for the distribution of plants within the state and taxonomic.! Version: 3rd February 2016 that themeda triandra distribution expense of harvesting and cleaning seed is broadcast then it should spread. Difficult to determine whether the seeds that follow are also a beautiful feature of this grass is a tufted up! It does mean that the expense of harvesting and cleaning seed is broadcast then it should be at... Brown, or occasionally Densely pubescent by a spathe ( leafy bract ) a of! Drought tolerance ; high heat tolerance Themeda triandra 1 / 3 Next appears not benefit. Widespread in Africa, Asia and Africa 112 - 113 then it should be about 20 mm thick the!